Theories

Skinner
believed that the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences, he called this approach 'operant conditioning'
Behaviour which is reinforced tends to be repeated, behaviour which is not renforced tends to die out or be extingushed.
Skinner coined the term 'operant conditioning' - which means roughly changing of behaviour, by the use of reinforcment which is given after the desired response.
Neutral operants
Environment has no effect on behaviour (reinforcers determine behaviour (positive or negative)

Innateness Theory
Theory of language acquistion - some knowledgee exsists at birth
An age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis.
Ment ability at birth and as you grow older gets easier to learn and pick up things quicker
Simple understanding

Cognition Theory
First psychologist to make a systematic
He researched a theory of cognitive child, giving a detailed observational study of cognition in children looking at different cognitive ability.
Piaget believes children are born with basic mental structure. Where knowledge and learning is based.

Social and cultural theoy
Society making individual development
People + Culture = development
Carers, parents and friends play a big part in culture and devlopment
proximal development = the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving

Language and Gender- A Surgeon's Care

Throughout the extract it is clearly portrayed that the male character is the dominant sterotype. Verbs such as 'demanded' to show the control he is given over the woman when he asks 'Where on earth is Dr.Hatfield?' because of this Professor Chadwick is suggested to show power over the female character. Penny shows sterotypical gender traits throughout the text where actions such as 'Penny cleared her throat' giving a sense of her being nervous because of Professor Chadwick's actions. Therefore she shows no power or control against the Professor. Following this when Professor Chadwick says 'Well, I can certainly think up quite a few answers to that question, Dr.Hatfield' His voice had softened', by answering in a demanding tone, it automatically shows a sense of control as he begins to use romance and flirtaious comments to make Penny feel excited and confident. By the use of his tone of voice 'softening' portrays a verb that describes how a woman would speak, therefore the Professor speaks in a way which would be on Penny's level. This instantly connects the two characters together as she will not feel overpowered, but on par with the Professor. The text ends with 'not day-dreaming about her new boss' this sterotypes women in general as she portrays the female character to be day-dreaming about a man, and more importantly, about her new boss, the use of fairytale connotations allows the audience to see a clearer view of Penny's character.